How Chicago’s Single-Family Zoning Shapes Wealth, Segregation, and Housing Supply
In American cities, zoning codes are often described as technical documents—dense, procedural, and politically neutral. In reality, they function more like constitutions. They decide who gets to live where, what can be built, and, over time, who accumulates wealth and who does not. Few cities illustrate this more clearly than Chicago, where single-family zoning has quietly but decisively shaped patterns of affluence, exclusion, and scarcity for decades. On paper, Chicago is a dense, transit-rich metropolis with a long tradition of multifamily housing. In practice, large portions of its most desirable neighborhoods are locked into low-density, single-family use. These rules do not merely preserve “neighborhood character.” They constrain supply in places where demand is highest, inflate land values, and create structural barriers to entry that reverberate across generations. “Zoning doesn’t just regulate buildings,” Hirsh Mohindra said. “It regulates opportunity.” The Geography of ...